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Investing in Gold (I)
I will not be the first, and probably also will not be the last, who spoke about the Gold Rush that shakes down the world for the last few years. Just in this time it is a little different than in the days when desired f
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investing_in_gold_i-p0-i4
Investing in Gold (II)
The upper limit of the price is even more difficult. In our times gold is not founded in streams as was shown in the movies. Now gold is mined from the deep earth and separated from gold dust, metal ore or rock. In natur
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investing_in_gold_ii-p0-i5
Investing in Uncertain Period
Investing always has some uncertainty, but there are some situations when rise even more questions than usually. The current situation is just like one of those uncertain periods. When the economic cycle so inconclusive,
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investing_in_uncertain_period-p0-i7
Investing in Russia
Investing in Russia has gotten really widely promoted for the last period. I can remember the talks that stocks in Russia are the cheapest over the world for not less than year. The fact, that those stocks are st
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investing_in_russia-p0-i9
Investment in Bulgaria
Starting from the very beginning I will try to make clear why I am bullish about investing Bulgarian stock market. At first I would suggest to look at the chart below. Five year Bulgarian stock market in
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_in_bulgaria-p0-i10
What to Do With Investments in Current Turbulence?
The question is really not an easy one. The problem is that there is no left any good investments on this world. Let’s looks at the most topical investments classes: Stocks. Even before
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Where Are the Investment Markets Moving Now?
Some of the market participants call the current situation a “crisis” others are starting to be convinced that we are in a bear market. While others just don’t know how to call it. Well, I call
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/where_are_the_investment_markets_moving_now-p0-i14
Stocks Riskier than Bonds?
It is so common that stocks are riskier investments than bonds; nobody is even considering this question. Would I doubt it? Of course not, stocks are stocks and bonds are bonds. But I would like to look at it fro
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/stocks_riskier_than_bonds-p0-i15
Bond Investment: Government Bonds and Corporate Bonds
Corporate Bonds and Government Bonds Today I want to discuss another untraditional topic. However, this topic concerns the most traditional investments – bonds. Bonds been used for very long time a
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/bond_investment_government_bonds_and_corporate_bonds-p0-i17
European Dividend Stocks
Before getting to the exact stocks, at first, please let me explain why I have chosen European dividend stocks as a topic. For the beginning, lets solve the question why dividend stocks. The true is that many inv
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/european_dividend_stocks-p0-i22
What means long term in investing?
When I talk to non-professional investors, I often get surprised on their interpretation of ‘long-term investment’. Of course, everyone wants to enjoy their lives and to do it fast, while not many are ready t
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/what_means_long_term_in_investing-p0-i23
Investments
(Are you looking for investment definition?) Investments are instruments that allow us to receive a higher amount of money than was spent. If someone spends 10 euros or dollars and he knows that he will receive
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Investing
Investing - what is that exactly? Probably you have heard many different definitions of investing. However, what is the essence of it? The essence is very simple: investing - a present sacrifice for the future.If
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Sortino Ratio
Sortino ratio is a financial ratio that is used to measure the performance of investment portfolio and is very similar to a Sharpe ratio. The main difference between Sortino ratio and Sharpe ratio is that Sharpe
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/sortino_ratio
Investing Top 10
INVESTING 10 things that you should try to do: Always have an investment strategy and follow it strictly. Set up an investment strategy (investing rules) even before beginning of investing: t
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Investment in Stocks
Stocks (shares) are investments that attract the most attention in financial markets, and perhaps stocks are worth it, because investors can expect the highest return from stocks among the range of traditional investme
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Investment in Bonds
Debt (fixed income) securities Bonds are fixed income securities and the principle of them is simple - the issuer of the bonds attracts the money from the investors and commits to pay back for the investors until end of
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_in_bonds
Investment in Cash
Bank (saving) Accounts, Deposits, Deposit Certificates, Treasure Bills, Money Market Funds When we are talking about investment, cash is not only the real paper (or metal) money that are held in the wallet or under the
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Investment in Mutual Funds
Investment Funds (Collective Investment) Investment in mutual funds is one of the most popular types of investment. A mutual fund is just a large and well diversified investment portfolio of many securities, in which ca
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Terminal value
Terminal value is a value of the business (or other asset) used in discounted cash flow (DCF) method that is added after the discontinuing of the cash flow forecasting. DCF valuation is based on the sum
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/terminal_value
Investment in Collectibles
Many kinds of collectibles may also be considered as investments, but their value and benefits are much more elusive, than more serious traditional investment instruments. Works of art, stamps, antiques, coins,
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Investing in Commodities Directly
Investment in Oil, Gold, Silver Directly Commodities has been already described as financial investment. It was assigned to financial investments because investors are investing in commodities not directly but w
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investing_in_commodities_directly
Investment in Options
Options are very known derivatives and especially popular among investing speculators. Options has some attraction: every successful prediction can grow up invested amount a lot of times very quickly and potentia
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Investment in Index Funds
Investment index funds are contrast to the actively managed funds. These funds do not try to exceed the benchmark, openly saying that just going to keep with it.And the serious advantage of them – applied f
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_in_index_funds
Investment Strategy in Growth Stocks
Investing in the rapidly growing companies has always attracted the attention of all worlds’ investors, in particular, at the market rise. The reason why investing in growth stocks - so popular is very simp
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value Investing
Investment strategy - value Investing Investing in value stocks is fundamentally different from investing in the growth companies. Stocks of growth company will rise up impressively during bull market when value
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Net Debt
Definition 'Net debt' is used quite often in finance and it is equal to financial liabilities of the company that are reduced by the cash amount (and cash equivalents) that are held by the company.
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Investment Objectives for Beginners
The full investment objectives for beginners are very individual parameters. They were already mentioned briefly in article about benefits of investment. However, the basic investment objective is one - to make capital w
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_objectives_for_beginners
Finance Management
Financial management, asset management, investment management, wealth management in fact are similar processes only called in different names. An investments definition may include both financial assets and real
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Investments in Ultra ETF
Ultra ETF by most characteristics is similar to normal ETF but there is one main difference: if Ultra ETF follows the same index as normal ETF does, it makes it twice. For example, if normal ETF follows index tha
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investments_in_ultra_etf
Investment in Short ETF
Investment in Short ETF is very different from regular investing. “Short” – means short selling transactions when securities are loaned and sold with obligation to return it after some pre-agree
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_in_short_etf
Investment in Ultra Short ETF
Investment in Ultra Short ETFs combines characteristics of both: Ultra ETF’s and Short ETF’s. The value of Ultra Short ETF changes twice in opposite direction to the value of index which is followed b
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_in_ultra_short_etf
Speculation
Speculation is an investment action made under intentions to earn large profits in short term. Usually such actions are very risky and lays somewhere between investing and gambling. It is hard to say where exactl
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Bull Market
A bull market is a market trend when investment market is increasing over longer period and is believed to increase in the future. Bull market is a well known term among investors and is opposite to bear mar
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Bear Market
A bear market is a market trend when investment market is decreasing over longer period and is believed to decrease in the future. Bear market is a well known term in the investment world and is opposite to bull
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Investor
An investor is an individual or corporate unit that invests in any class of investments on purpose to earn some return from invested capital. There may be more criteria to distinguish very small investments
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Stock Split
A stock split is a divide of existing company’s shares decreasing its face value. For every owned share an investor gets a several (or one) additional shares depending on split ratio, and the total out
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Reverse Stock Split
Reverse stock split is a merge of existing company’s shares increasing its face value. For several owned shares an investor gets one share depending on reverse split ratio, when total outstanding shares num
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/reverse_stock_split
Book value of Share
A book value of share is calculated dividing all company’s book value (less preferred equity) by its common share number. For example, if company’s book value is 1,000,000 USD and issued share nu
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/book_value_of_share
Stock Book value
Stock book value is a book value of one share. It is calculated dividing shareholders equity by share number and gives some very approximate investing guidance about the value of the stock. It is popular to look
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/stock_book_value
Stockholder Wealth Maximization
Stockholder wealth maximization is a main goal for firm’s managers in corporate finance. Stockholder wealth maximization is above the profit maximization because of long term orientation and better risk man
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/stockholder_wealth_maximization
Stock Market Crash
A stock market crash is a investing term used to describe fast and sharp decrease of all or almost all stock prices on the exchange. However, there is no exact definition how long and how strong market fall shoul
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/stock_market_crash
Dividends
Dividends are capital payments from companies to theirs shareholders. Normally dividends are paid by cash and usually but necessary once a year. Every company’s common share of the same class gets equal div
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/dividends
Dividend Yield
A dividend yield is a ratio that shows how much investor gets dividends from the stock compared to its price. It is calculated dividing dividend per share by the share price. Dividend yield is impo
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/dividend_yield
Dividend Policy
A dividend policy is a company’s written practice that describes dividend payments scale over time. Dividend policy may be as short as target dividend payout ratio or also include some reaction to a ch
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/dividend_policy
Dividend Stocks
Dividend stocks are called stocks that have high dividend yield and high dividend payout ratio. Normal dividend stocks should have stable 6%-10% dividend yield and possible 60-100% dividend payout ratio. High div
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/dividend_stocks
Ex-Dividend Date
Ex-dividend date is a first day when investor does no longer receive dividends paid by company’s shares. This is important factor because the period of shares' settlement after transacti
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/exdividend_date
Stock Buyback
A stock buyback (share repurchase) is a company’s purchase of its own stock on the market. It is contrary way to pay out capital for shareholders to dividends. Stock buybacks are getting more and more
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/stock_buyback
Initial Public Offering (IPO)
An initial public offering (IPO) is a first introduce of company’s shares to the stock market. However, during initial public offering shares are sold not on the stock exchange but on network of clients by
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/initial_public_offering_ipo
Market Capitalization
Market capitalization (market cap) is a company’s value (price) on the stock exchange. Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying the outstanding share number by the last share price on the exchange
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/market_capitalization
Buying on Margin
Buying on Margin Costs of Buying Stocks on Margin Margin Call The Pros and Cons Psychology: Is it worth? Buying on margin gets popularity during every strong bull market. Unfortunately, it be
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/buying_on_margin
True Investment
True investment is a term used by Benjamin Graham to describe an investment that fits all his criteria of investment philosophy (policy). Later this term was used by Warren Buffet, but he followed Benjamin’
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/true_investment
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
Real estate investment trust (REIT) is a corporate entity that invests exceptionally in to real estate sector. Usually securities of REIT’s are traded on stock exchange and every investor can easily acquire
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/real_estate_investment_trust_reit
Private Equity Fund
A private equity fund is a fund that invests in a stakes of non-listed companies (private equity). Investment in private equity funds is much different from investment in mutual funds. They are illiquid, riskier
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/private_equity_fund
Mutual Fund
A mutual fund is a collective investment vehicle that is consisted of fund units, which are sold for retail investors. Practically, mutual fund is a large investment portfolio, in which can take a part even small
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/mutual_fund
Derivatives
Derivatives are securities (financial instruments) that are created by financial intermediaries synthetically, and are based on price or value of some primer assets or indicator. Usually such underlying assets ar
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/derivatives
Institutional Investor
An institutional investor is an investor that is a corporation/institution. Institutional investors have high impact to investment markets and sometimes decisions of most known institutional investment manag
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/institutional_investor
Retail Investor
A retail investor is a small investor, which normally is an individual. Most of the investors in financial markets are retail investors, but retail investor makes an investments in much smaller amounts than
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/retail_investor
Blue Chip Stocks
Blue chip stocks are stocks of the biggest large cap companies. Blue chip stocks usually are safer than average investment in stocks, have stable cash flow and pay stable dividends according dividend policy. Blue
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/blue_chip_stocks
Business Valuation
The goal of business valuation is to determine the correct market value of a business. Usually business valuation is performed by professional valuators / assessors who have required qualifications for the job.&n
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/business_valuation
Junk Bonds
Junk bonds are bonds that have a speculative-grade credit rating, which is BB or lower. Junk bonds are riskier but they have higher yields. The spread between junk bond yield and safe bond yield (c
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/junk_bonds
Enterprise value
Enterprise value (EV) is a financial measure that is used to reflect the magnitude of the business. If market capitalization shows only the value of shareholders equity, enterprise value includes both: equity val
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/enterprise_value
Penny Stocks
Penny stocks used to be described as stocks which price on stock exchange are lower than 1$ or 5$ (there is no officially approved norm). However, it is not very fair to judge a company for its share price on exc
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/penny_stocks
Cheap Stocks
Cheap stocks are such stocks that are traded at low valuation multiples. For example, if you see a telecom or utility company of which P/E is equal to 6 and EV/EBITDA is equal to 3, you may say it is a cheap stoc
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/cheap_stocks
Growth Stocks
Growth stocks are stocks of companies which earnings per share grow faster than average on the market. Such is theory, but if look in practical side, earnings grow faster most of the times only when economical cy
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/growth_stocks
Dividend Growth Stocks
Dividend growth stocks are stocks that are hard to find in reality. Because the stock must be either value stock (large dividend payments) either growth stock (small dividend payments) or either something in betw
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/dividend_growth_stocks
value Stocks
value stocks are opposite to growth stocks and attract investors not by growth perspectives but by stable cash and dividend flow. Market ratios (P/E, P/B and other) of value stocks are low and together with high
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/value_stocks
Holding Company
Holding company is a type of a company which main activity is to invest in other companies. Holding as itself does not do any activity instead of managing their subsidiary companies and searching for new investme
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/holding_company
value Penny Stocks
value penny stocks are stocks that have characteristics of both: value stock and penny stock. Investment in value penny stocks isn’t very popular, because stock investors who seek for safety invest in norma
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/value_penny_stocks
Net Present value (NPV)
Net present value (NPV) is a value calculated by discounting all future net cash flows (net cash flow is calculated taking all the forecasted future income and subtracting from them forecasted expenses in every p
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/net_present_value_npv
Direct Investments in Stocks
Direct investments in stocks are investments made without financial intermediaries (only theoretically). It means an investor buys stock directly from the company without intermediation of stock exchange or broke
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/direct_investments_in_stocks
Corporate Investment
A corporate investment is investment made by one corporation into another. All corporations try to keep the growth of the business. Some do it only organically, while others also proceeds mergers & acquisitio
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/corporate_investment
Investment Management Fees
Investment management fees (fees that are paid straight to investment manager) basically are one of these types: Performance based fee. Performance based fee is calculated according to increase of inve
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_management_fees
Total Expense Ratio
‘Total expense ratio shows all expenses of investment fund. It is a good measure that shows you how much of different fees you are really paying when investing in some fund. Total expense ratio is a percent
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/total_expense_ratio
Investment Performance Measurement
Many investors are happy about investment managers until the stock market is growing, but when the decline starts investment managers gets only the worst words about their job. However, this is wrong attitud
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_performance_measurement
Quantitative Investment Management
Quantitative investment management says, “Don’t worry about investment management, and let to do the job for the computer”. It is a completely different approach compared to ‘value d
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/quantitative_investment_management
Return on Investment
Return on investment (ROI) is a percentage that shows profitability of an investment or investment portfolio. Return on investment calculation: CALCULATION: Return on investment = net in
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/return_on_investment
Repo
Repo (repurchase agreement) is a contract between the investor, who borrows money, and the lender who lends money and takes (buys and resells) securities for collateral, in case if the investor will default to re
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/repo
Margin Trading
Margin trading is trading in securities when part of the investment portfolio is financed by borrowed money (the other part by your own capital). For example, you have investment portfolio of value $20k, end you
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/margin_trading
Deflation
Deflation is a process opposite to inflation and occurs when inflation is negative. Deflation means that prices of goods and services are decreasing. Such situation when prices are decreasing is not very common i
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Stagflation
Stagflation is an economical situation, when high inflation and stagnation of the economy come together. It is very difficult situation, because it not allows using monetary politics efficiently to revitalize the
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/stagflation
Inflation Linked Bonds
Inflation linked bonds (or inflation indexed bonds) are bonds that have their principal linked to inflation, which means the value of the bond principal increases together with inflation. Such bonds are offering
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/inflation_linked_bonds
Valuation Multiples
Valuation multiples are stock ratios that include in the calculation share price and show whether stock is cheap or expensive compared to similar stocks. Valuation multiples (or just multiples) ar
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/valuation_multiples
P/E Ratio
P/E ratio is the most popular valuation multiple that is used for stock analysis. This ratio shows the price of the stock compared to its earnings. The multiple is so popular because of its simplicity and im
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/p_e_ratio
PEG Ratio
Price-to-Earnings to Growth Ratio PEG ratio is quiet popular among retail investors, however professionals do not use it often because of this ratio subjectivity. PEG ratio shows how expensive is stock compared
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/peg_ratio
P/B Ratio
P/B (P/Bv or price-to-book) ratio shows how expensive stock is compared to its books value. Company’s book value (also called equity, capital, shareholders funds etc.) is equal to company’s total assets les
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/p_b_ratio
P/NAV Ratio
Price to Net Asset value P/NAV ratio shows how expensive share is compared to its NAV (net asset value). This ratio is very similar to P/B ratio but in this case market values (not book values) are used. M
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/p_nav_ratio
EV/S Ratio
Enterprise value to Sales Ratio EV/S ratio shows how expensive firm is compared to its sales. This multiple is important when company is unprofitable or profits margins are very low and turnaround is expected in
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/ev_s_ratio
EV/EBITDA Ratio
EBITDA Multiple EV/EBITDA ratio shows how expensive firm is compared to its EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization). EV to EBITDA multiple is mostly used by professionals because
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/ev_ebitda_ratio
Stock Valuation
Stock valuation is very important part of investing in stocks, and this part is the most time consuming and knowledge requiring. Stock valuation is a necessary and main step at stock picking process. The only way
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Relative Valuation
Comparative analysis Relative valuation is stock valuation method that gained its popularity because of simplicity and practical importance. The key principle of relative valuation is about valuation multi
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/relative_valuation
DCF Valuation
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis DCF valuation might be applied to any asset that generates positive free cash flow or is expected to generate that cash flow in the future. DCF valuation might be directly applied t
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/dcf_valuation
Replacement Cost Valuation
Replacement cost valuation method is not very popular at stock valuation. Most of the investors are picking stocks with help of relative valuation or DCF valuation. Only when those two methods aren’t possib
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/replacement_cost_valuation
Discounted Cash Flow
Discounted cash flow (DCF) is forecasted net cash flow of the company or other asset that is recalculated (discounted) to its current value. Discounted cash flow is important for investment assessing and mostly i
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/discounted_cash_flow
Power of Compounding
Power of compounding (compound interest) is a known description for fast increase in value when investment brings steady interests and interests are reinvested. The principle of the growth is the geometric progre
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/power_of_compounding
WACC
WACC (Weighted Average Capital Cost) shows cost of capital when capital is consisted of both equity and debt capital. So WACC simply calculates the weighted average between equity cost and debt cost.
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/wacc
CAPM
CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) is method widely used for equity cost calculation. Equity cost should show the return that investor should expect/seek from an investment that contains specific level of risk.&n
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/capm
Earnings Per Share
Earnings per share (EPS) shows how much of net earnings are allocated to one common share. EPS might give some guidance about the value of the share for shareholder. Share price compared to EPS is equal to P/E ra
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/earnings_per_share
Hedge Funds
Hedge funds are investment funds that use financial leverage and derivatives to achieve better investment results. The name of hedge fund came from hedging, which originally is a defensive investment strategy, bu
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/hedge_funds
Pegged Exchange Rate
Pegged (fixed) exchange rate is a regime of currency which value is related to some other stronger currency or a portfolio of currencies. Many smaller emerging countries have their currencies pegged to USD or to
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/pegged_exchange_rate
Eurobonds
Eurobonds are bonds that are issued in other that home currency. It does not mean that Eurobonds have to be denominated in Euros. Actually, most of the Eurobonds that are issued in Europe are in denominated in US
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/eurobonds
Political Risk
A political risk is related to political decisions and political environment development, and is one of the main risks when investing in emerging markets. Developed markets also contain political risk, but there
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/political_risk
Target Capital Structure
Target capital structure is a mix of equity and debt capital that maximizes value of the shares. Target capital structure may be achieved when WACC (Weighted Average Capital Cost) is minimal. If proportion of equ
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/target_capital_structure
ROE
ROE (Return on Equity) shows profitability of company’s book value. Company’s book value (equity) is equal to company’s assets less liabilities, and ROE is usually higher if company ha
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/roe
Margin Call
Buying on Margin Costs of Buying Stocks on Margin Margin Call The Pros and Cons Psychology: Is it worth? Margin call is a fabulous term which carries some mysticism. However, there is nothing
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/margin_call
The Pros and Cons of Buying on Margin
Buying on Margin Costs of Buying Stocks on Margin Margin Call The Pros and Cons of Buying on Margin Psychology of Buying on Margin: Is it worth? The opportunity provided by buying on margin i
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/the_pros_and_cons_of_buying_on_margin
Psychology of Buying on Margin: Is it worth?
Buying on Margin Costs of Buying Stocks on Margin Margin Call The Pros and Cons of Buying on Margin Psychology of Buying on Margin: Is it worth? For the conclusion I would like to say that bu
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/psychology_of_buying_on_margin_is_it_worth
Margin Calls
Margin call is a call by margin trading service provider to an investor who is buying on margin. Such calls are provided when assets (collateral) in the investment portfolio are losing value and reach the margin. Margin
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/margin_calls
Equity Trading
Equity trading is a process when equities are bought and sold through a trading platform. Equity trading is a synonym for trading stocks as equity in investment field is represented by stocks. Investing in equity
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/equity_trading
Acquisition
An acquisition is a takeover of one corporation by another when shares are bought and control of management is overtaken. Acquisition is an M&A deal and as targets for acquisition usually become some competin
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/acquisition
Organic Growth
An organic growth is a growth of the company when inner resources are used to get larger market share. Also organic growth may be achieved together with growth of the whole market segment or entering new markets
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/organic_growth
Underwriter
An underwriter is a company (normally an investment bank) that organizes the selling of new security issues for the corporations. It is a financial intermediary that buys new issues of securities (shares or bonds
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/underwriter
Employee Stock Options
Employee stock options are options that are given to employees as part of motivation package and gives an opportunity for employees to acquire shares of the company in the future at a lower price. In their meanin
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/employee_stock_options
Go Public
Go public means to get company’s shares listed on the stock exchange; the process also called floatation. To go public, company has to hire some investment banking firm that would help to execute an IPO (in
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/go_public
Floatation
Floatation means going public through an IPO. If companies go public they have to get listed their shares on some stock exchange. Each company’s may choose any stock exchange, but normally smaller companies
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/floatation
Market value
The meaning of market value depends on the context for which the term is applied. Generally, market value is a price at which the buyer would agree to buy and seller would agree to sell the object without any ext
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/market_value
Bearish
Bearish is attitude of an investor if investor expects market to go down in the near future. Most often term bearish is applied for stock investments when is believed that stocks are going to decrease in value. T
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Bullish
Bullish is an investor's attitude when he believes that the investment market is going to rise in the near future. Most of the times this term is applied for investments in stocks, when is believed that stock mar
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Par value
Par value also is called face value or nominal value, and is a nominal amount of money that shows how much of money is related to the security nominally. Par value is used most commonly for two types of securitie
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Pig (investor)
A pig is an animal known by every farmer. However, at investing pigs are also popular yet the meaning is different. In investment world are two kinds of animals mentioned the most: bulls and bears. Bulli
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Growth Funds
Growth funds are investment (mutual) funds that concentrate on investing in stocks of fast growing companies. Growth funds can be passively managed or actively-managed funds but all growth funds are riskier than
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/growth_funds
No-Load Fund
No-Load fund is a fund that does not have a load fee which is paid by investor that acquires the mutual fund. There are two types of load fees: front-end load and back-end load, and ‘no-load fund’ sho
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Fund Manager
A fund manager is an employee of investment management company which is responsible for the management of the fund’s assets. Most of the times, more than one person is involved in fund’s management bu
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Balanced Fund
A balanced fund is a mutual (investment) fund that invests in different asset classes: stocks, bonds and money market investments according to the fund’s investment strategy. It may
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Stock Option
A stock option is derivative financial instrument that gives the holder of the option the right to buy some particular stock at the predetermined strike price till the end of the option (or at the end, depending
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Financial Assets
There are two main investment (asset) classes: financial assets and non-financial (tangible) assets. Both of them may have similar characteristics as yielding or increasing in value over long period; but financia
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/financial_assets
Index Options
Index options are derivative financial instruments that provide for the buyer of the option the right (possibility) to make profits from index value changes. It may be a good investing instrument for the investor
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Outstanding Share Number
Outstanding share number is an important characteristic for the stock value of every stock company. This number represents all the issued shares in the company except the shares that are held by the company itsel
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Stock Trader
A stock trader is a speculator that is trying to make profits from quick changes in value of stocks or other securities that he trades. Stock trader have few differences from normal investor and the main differen
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Investment Bubble
Investment bubble is a jump in price of particular investment when price starts increasing faster and faster as long as the price reaches its peak and falls down to a similar to previous level, if there are no ot
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Active Investment
Active investment (management) is opposite to passive investment and means that investments are managed by some investment professional that picks the securities according to investment market tendencies and
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Passive Investment
Passive investment (management) is an investment style when investors skips the steps of securities picking and market timing and invests mainly in index funds that have the lowest expenses. P
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Best Investments
Best investments are always wanted, but the reality is that there are no best investments for everyone. And if such investment would exist then those investments would become an investment bubble and would not st
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Safe Investments
Safe investments are investments that contain low risk and considered to be safe. Safe investments do not necessary have to be 100% safe because there is no 100% safe investments in this world as this world isn&r
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/safe_investments
Valuation Methods
There are three main valuation methods used for business valuation or stock valuation: Relative valuation is very easy to use and is the fastest method. That is why this method is so popular among fina
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/valuation_methods
Valuation Consultants
Valuation consultants are professionals that know everything about the value of an asset or business. The real market value consists of many parts and all of them may have critical importance to the value. Only e
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/valuation_consultants
Asset Valuation
The specifics of asset valuation depend on particular asset class. However, the main valuation methods are the same for all assets. The mostly used methods are relative valuation and DCF valuation. Relative valua
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/asset_valuation
Company Valuation
Company valuation is the same as business valuation. The only difference between company valuation and business valuation may occur if value of company’s stocks has to be determined instead of the whole bus
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Business Valuation Methods
Business valuation methods are not much different from general valuation methods. Maybe business valuation is more difficult and complicated than real estate valuation but the methods are the same only the differ
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/business_valuation_methods
Stock Price
A stock price is the last price of a share (stock) that was traded in a stock exchange for a particular stock. If stock exchange is closed at the moment, then the last stock price will be closing price for that s
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Good Stocks
Good stocks are those stocks that meet’s investors risk tolerance and investment strategy. Also good stocks should have upside potential to increase in value in the future. If stocks are already priced high
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Liquidity
(1) Market liquidity is a characteristic of a security or other traded investment that shows how easy it is convertible in to cash at a market value. Usually when investor decides to sell some investment and
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Investment Management System
It is common to understand an investment management system as investment management software that helps in investment portfolio management. While other people believe that investment management system should do t
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Investment Management Salaries
The media always pay a lot of attention to investment management salaries and maybe those salaries are worth it. Investment management business as investment management consulting or investment fund management re
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_management_salaries
Investment Management Process
Investment management process has several functions: Macroeconomics analysis and estimates Research of industry sectors Security picking Asset allocation Market timing Financial news covering Securitie
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Undervalued Stocks
Undervalued stocks are called those stocks that are believed to have higher target price than their stock price on the exchange. The higher is the difference the more stock is undervalued. If stock price in the m
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/undervalued_stocks
Target Price
Target price is a calculated price that should represent the market value of the stock and also can be called target value. Target price normally is calculated by analysts of investment banks of brokerage compani
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Overvalued Stocks
Overvalued stocks are those stocks that cost in stock market more than their target price is. Target price of the stock is calculated market value of a stock using stock valuation methods. The most popular method
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Target value
Target value is a calculated market value of the stock that should show the expected price of the stock. If target value is higher that stock price on the stock exchange, that should mean the analyst that made th
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/target_value
Balance Sheet
Balance sheet is one of the three main financial statements (others are income statement and cash flow statement). Balance sheet also might be called a statement of financial position because this statement expla
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Earnings
Earnings are calculated gains of the company and should represent the profit of that business. There are several types of earnings: Retained earnings are equal to net profit less dividends. Net earnin
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Income
The term income may have several meanings. In corporate finance it basically means profit or earnings that are equal to revenue less expenses. But in some cases income may also indicate company’s revenue bu
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EBIT
EBIT (also called Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) is a financial indicator of the company that provides information about company’s profitability while ignoring the impact of capital structure and corpo
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/ebit
Return
Return analysis is different from profitability analysis because usually return is measured as a profitability of the assets, investments, capital or other similar asset group but not as a profitability of the re
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/return
Debt to Asset Ratio
Debt to asset ratio (also called as D/A ratio, Debt/Asset) measures how big is company’s debt compared to its assets. Debt to asset ratio is very similar to debt to equity (D/E) ratio but normally is lower
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/debt_to_asset_ratio
Turnover Ratio
(1) Turnover ratio of mutual fund shows how quickly assets of the fund are changing. Actively managed investment funds have higher turnover ratio than passively managed funds, and normally turnover ratio is measu
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Financial Forecasting
Financial forecasting is a part of financial planning and also a part of a DCF valuation. But usually financial planning covers only a period of year or two while financial forecasting regularly covers about five
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Working Capital Management
Why Working Capital Is Important? Working capital is one of the main parts of company’s finances and every manager, even of the small company, manages working capital despite the fact he knows about that o
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/working_capital_management
Investments in Blue Chip Stocks
Stock investments require high degree of financial knowledge and the understanding of market realities, but only if you are seeking for the most efficient result. Yet, the reality is that there are millions of pe
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Investments in Small Cap Stocks
Investments in Small Cap Stocks Investments in small cap stocks could be compared to penny stock investments but the term ‘penny stocks’ is not specific enough. The thing is that the determination of
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Stocks and Commodities
You may ask how stocks and commodities related are. And the answer is simple: everything is related and especially in financial markets. Normally, if some of the main asset class (as stocks) looses or gains
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/stocks_and_commodities
Investment Philosophy
Investment philosophy must include the main rules of the investment management process. It is a type of approach in which investor is tend to believe. Many investors believe in different things and have different
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_philosophy
Investment Formula
If you are looking for some perfect investment formula, you should get disappointed because there is no secret investment formula that would be profitable for every investor. If there would be such perfect formul
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/investment_formula
Cost of Debt
Cost of debt shows what the capital cost of the company for its debt capital is. Basically company’s capital consists of two parts: debt capital and equity capital. (A mixed capital like mezzanine financing
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/cost_of_debt
Price to Free Cash Flow
Price to free cash flow (P/FCF) or EV/FCF ratio are ratios that compare company's price to its free cash flow. The main difference between those two ratios is that EV/FCF also includes the eff
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/price_to_free_cash_flow
Price to Cash Flow Ratio
Price to cash flow ratio (P/CF) and EV/CF ratio are similar but there are some differences. The main difference is that EV/CF also includes the effect of company’s financial debt which says a different
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/price_to_cash_flow_ratio
Free Cash Flow Yield
Free cash flow yield (FCF yield) show how much of cash that may be distributed to shareholders the business earns compared to its price on the stock exchange (including both: equity value and debt value or just e
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/free_cash_flow_yield
Minority Interest
Minority interest (non-controlling interest) is a part of net income or of an equity that does not belong to the shareholders of the main group. Basically there are two types of the minority interest:
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Capex
Capex (capital expenditure) is company’s investment in long-term assets that are needed to continue the business or for future’s growth. The perfect examples of capital expenditure can be an acquisiti
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/capex
Cash Investments
Cash investments are the safest investments over short-term period. Such investments include saving accounts, certificates of deposit, money market instruments (treasury bills, money market funds). The main crite
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/cash_investments
Asset Performance
Asset performance is a return of an asset over some period. Usually performance is measured on annual basis. But basically performance of any asset depends on its riskiness and the period (most of the stocks and
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/asset_performance
Volatility
What is volatility? Volatility definition can be short: volatility is the size of the amplitude in investment’s value changes over time. In simple words, it describes the riskiness of the security because
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Real Estate Flipping
Real estate flipping always gets popular when economical cycle is increasing. It usually coincides with the period of real estate prices boom. It looks very simple when real estate prices are raising and some peo
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Intangible Assets
All assets can be classified to three main groups: tangible assets, financial assets and intangible assets. Intangible assets are those assets that aren’t financial and don’t have a real physical form
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Tangible Assets
Basically all assets can be divided in tangible assets or non-tangible assets (intangible and financial). Tangible assets are those assets that exist physically and the value of them depends on their physical con
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/tangible_assets
NOPAT
NOPAT (‘net operating profit after tax’ or ‘after tax operating profit’) is equal to operating profit less taxes. It is adjusted by tax rate because the part cost of debt which is part of
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/nopat
Return on Invested Capital
Return on invested capital (ROIC) or also called return on capital is a financial ratio employed to measure nominal company’s return that is earned by capital invested in operating asset. Basically return o
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/return_on_invested_capital
CFROI
CFROI or cash flow return on investment is a rate of return that measures the performance of corporation based on its cash flow generation ability. CFROI is not very popular but is still used by some companies an
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/cfroi
Financial Ratios
Financial ratios are ratios that are used in financial analysis or in other words that are using financial data of a company. Such financial data usually is found in financial statements (income statement, balanc
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/financial_ratios
Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis is the type of financial analysis that relies on company’s fundamentals. Those fundamentals depend on the target of the analysis. For example, fundamental analysis of stock depends on i
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/fundamental_analysis
Quick Ratio
Quick ratio (also called ‘acid test ratio’) is a financial ratio that measures company’s financial liquidity. This ratio compares company’s most liquid assets and short-term liabilities. I
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/quick_ratio
Capital Employed
Capital employed is a value of capital investments in a company. Basically, the capital of each company can be classified in these types of capital: Equity capital Debt capital Working capital  
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Current Ratio
Current ratio is a financial ratio that measures company’s financial liquidity in short term. In simple words, this ratio compares company’s short-term assets to its short term liabilities. If short-t
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Equity Ratio
Equity ratio is a financial ratio that compares company’s equity to assets. Basically, it shows what part equity capital makes in total capital of a company. If ‘equity ratio’ is very high (clos
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/equity_ratio
Return on Capital Employed
Return on capital employed ratio (ROCE) measures company’s return compared to its employed capital. Return in this case is some kind of profit (mostly EBIT or NOPAT) and the capital employed means equity ca
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/return_on_capital_employed
Liquidity Ratio
Liquidity ratio is a ratio that measures company’s liquidity. At first, it is needed to mention that liquidity may have two meanings: financial liquidity of a company or market liquidity of some asset. Liqu
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/liquidity_ratio
Equity to Asset Ratio
Equity to asset ratio measures company’s riskiness by comparing its equity to its assets. If this ratio is very low (lower than 0.3), it might mean that company may be at risk if conditions of the market wo
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/equity_to_asset_ratio
Asset to Equity Ratio
Asset to equity ratio compares company’s assets to the book value and measures the riskiness of the company. This ratio cannot be lower than 1.0, and if it is equal to 1, it means that assets are equal to e
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/asset_to_equity_ratio
Total Debt Ratio
Total debt ratio compares total liabilities to total assets. The higher ratio represents riskier situation. And if this ratio is equal to 1.0, it would mean that liabilities are equal to assets or in other words
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Non-Operating Assets
Non-operating assets are assets of the company that aren’t used in the main activity of the company. Such assets can be either financial or non-financial. This asset type is very important during the valuat
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/nonoperating_assets
Book value
There are two main types of values that are used in finance: Book value Market value Book value is a value that is recorded in the balance sheet of a company. Every asset of the company must
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CAGR Formula
CAGR formula is used to calculate 'compound annual growth rate': CAGR = (value at the end / value at the beginning) ^ (1 / Years) - 1 * Can be multiplied by 100%. Where: value at t
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/cagr_formula
CAGR
CAGR is used to measure return and means compound annual growth rate. This type of return measurement is very popular in investment finance because interest also earns interest and power of compounding cannot be
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Negotiable
(1) Negotiable means the description of the price when it is or can be flexible depending on other conditions. All sold goods or services may have negotiable or fixed prices, and it depends on the sales strategy
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Leverage
Leverage definition In finance leverage means usage of debt capital in addition to the equity capital in order to increase the profit. Increase in leverage is understood as increase in riskiness and volatility.
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Market Risk Premium
(Equity Risk Premium) Every investment carries some level of risk and some level of potential return. Those two measures are closely related in investment finance and are used in CAPM which calculates cost of eq
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/market_risk_premium
Back-End Load
Back-End Load (redemption fee) is a load fee which is similar to ‘front-end load’ but is paid when investor sells his mutual fund units instead of during the acquisition as in case of ‘front-end
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Internal Rate of Return
An internal rate of return (IRR) is a ratio used very often to measure a profitability of some investment project. IRR is determined as a discount rate when NPV of the project is equal to zero. If IRR is higher t
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Privately Held Corporation
Privately held corporation or closely held corporation is a company, which doesn’t have its shares listed on the stock exchange. If a corporation is closely held it not necessary means that it is small busi
http://www.investingforbeginners.eu/privately_held_corporation